Liver X Receptors: A Possible Link between Lipid Disorders and Female Infertility

A close relationship exists between cholesterol and female reproductive physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is crucial for steroid synthesis by ovary and placenta, and primordial for cell structure during folliculogenesis. Furthermore, oxysterols, cholesterol-derived ligands, play a potential role in oocyte maturation. Anomalies of cholesterol metabolism are frequently linked to infertility. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms.

In parallel, increasing evidence describing the biological roles of liver X receptors (LXRs) in the regulation of steroid synthesis and inflammation, two processes necessary for follicle maturation and ovulation. Both of the isoforms of LXRs and their bona fide ligands are present in the ovary. LXR-deficient mice develop late sterility due to abnormal oocyte maturation and increased oocyte atresia. These mice also have an ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome in response to gonadotropin stimulation. Hence, further studies are necessary to explore their specific roles in oocyte, granulosa, and theca cells. LXRs also modulate estrogen signaling and this could explain the putative protective role of the LXRs in breast cancer growth. Altogether, clinical studies would be important for determining the physiological relevance of LXRs in reproductive disorders in women.

Keywords: liver X receptors, cholesterol, female reproduction, breast cancer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Content retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121373/.

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If you’ve ever felt a sharp, cramping pain under your ribs on the right side of your abdomen, it likely signals a problem with your gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ that stores and concentrates bile created by the liver. Bile helps digest fats from the foods we eat. Issues like gallstones or inflammation can prevent proper bile flow and cause gallbladder pain.

Gallstones form when hardened deposits of cholesterol and bile salts build up in the gallbladder or bile ducts. These stones irritate the gallbladder wall, which can trigger painful spasms. Gallstones also block the release of bile, causing it to back up into the gallbladder. This added pressure on the organ results in the agonizing pain under the ribs. This same pain can be referred to an area between the shoulder blades.

In addition to gallstones, inflammation from infections, bile duct issues, and other gallbladder diseases can all impair its ability to release bile. Without enough bile, the gallbladder never fully empties and bile becomes sludgy and concentrated. The excess bile can also crystallise into new gallstones, fuelling the problem.

Symptoms of an underperforming gallbladder extend beyond pain under the ribs. Some other signs include constipation, indigestion after meals, bloating, light coloured stools, nausea, and vomiting.

Making dietary changes to maintain bile flow may help relieve gall bladder pain. These include eating bitter herbs, staying hydrated, and limiting processed foods. Supplements that include whole beet concentrate like BetaTCP can improve the flow of bile in a few days, clearing the pain and improving digestion.

Don’t ignore recurring pain under your ribs as it often indicates problems in the biliary system.

…Hormonal birth control creates myriad problems for the thyroid, beginning with the depletion of vital nutrients such as magnesium, selenium, zinc, and essential B Vitamins, like folate. The thyroid needs these important nutrients, especially zinc and selenium, to convert T4 to T3. Unfortunately, no amount of supplements will help your body overcome this obstacle.

While depleting nutrients, birth control also elevates production of Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG). This protein binds with thyroid hormones to carry them through the blood stream, but renders them unable to attach to cell receptors. Consequently, the body may try to compensate by overproducing T3 and T4, without actually increasing hormone activity. This could explain why some women develop Grave’s Disease after stopping The Pill. Their TBG levels return to normal, but their body continues overproducing T3 and T4.

…As the central organ in the metabolic process, the liver produces proteins, breaking down fat and hormones to generate energy. When we overload the body with an unnatural flood of factory-produced, artificial hormones, the liver becomes sluggish and inefficient. This sets off a toxic cascade of side effects that leads to inflammation, and could ultimately contribute to chronic illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and autoimmune disease.

The National Institutes of Health were concerned about hormonal birth control’s affect of the endocrine system from the very early days. When Dr. Philip Corfman, the Director of the Center for Population Research, testified at the Nelson Pill Hearings in 1970 on behalf of the NIH, he warned that The Pill decreased the liver’s ability to change and dispose of certain chemicals, even decreasing its ability to excrete bile.

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